lol ok lets take these in order...

1) TEP can only be added in the first 30 days of buying a phone
2) you can file a claim after the first 30 days (inside that they throw up the red flag for fraud and will investigate it)
3) lost and stolen is covered by the insurance portion of TEP, physical damage is covered by the ESRP side of it as long as the main board isn't damaged if so then it kicks over to the insurance side
4) insurance will send you a refurb as far as i know and you can get rid of TEP at any time but you wont be able to add it back on later, they take steps to make sure a broken or liquid phone is just covered to use the insurance then dropped again because of the whole fraud thing
5) through insurance the claim usually takes around 2 days given if its not close to a weekend
6) this is a good question it is 2 sided really if its just broken and parts are in stock it can be fixed, if parts are not in stock but the phone is orderable from the warehouse it is a manager decision on that one the manager could say because its orderable you have to wait 3-5 business days for the phone or they could bypass the order and give you a new 6700 in stock however if its an insurance claim there is no way getting around the 2 days through the insurance, some stores will say to file the claim, buy a cheapy phone to get you through till the insurance one comes in then return the cheapy within the 30 day period and have it switched to the replacement 6700.

hopefully those are the answers you are looking for any other questions just hit me up.

Ya I waited 3days for a refurb that was also defective(screen)!
But next refurb was incredible. Looking totally new, even screen. I looked it over at home down to the micron and could not tell it was refurb, it was so new. Since it came in a little brown box I guess it was a refurb, but even had to pull the plastic off all the front and back...
Looking absolutly new, how they do that?
I guess the shell and screen are new, but guts used?

yeah pretty much they will fix the issues with the phone then put a whole new casing and everything on it.